Neurofeedback

What is Neurofeedback?

Neurofeedback is an evidence-based, non-invasive, drug-free therapy used to train  the brain and central nervous system (CNS) directly. Just as regular exercise benefits  physical health, neurofeedback is exercise for the brain. It harnesses the brain’s  plasticity and learning ability without long-term negative side effects (Rahman et al.,  2023). With proper stimulus and biofeedback, the brain can self-correct and self-regulate, potentially providing a more permanent treatment than medication alone,  as it targets the root source of dysregulation: the brain waves themselves.

The brain produces five types of brain waves, with which neurofeedback interacts to  redirect abnormal patterns that may be influenced by environment, upbringing,  trauma, etc. The brain has a remarkable ability to respond to positive stimulus and  self-regulate toward optimal patterns over time.

History and Research

Originally developed as a modality to prevent seizures by scientists at UCLA and the University of Chicago in the 1950s and ’60s (Sterman et al., 1978), neurofeedback was later expanded on by NASA in the 1970s and is still used in astronaut training due to its measurable impact on managing nervous system responses to stress (Marzbani et al., 2016).

What Neurofeedback Treats

Neurofeedback can relieve symptoms in various conditions (Marzbani et al., 2016),
including:

• Sleep Disorders 

• Learning Disabilities 

• Headaches and Migraines 

• Trauma or PTSD 

• Anxiety 

• Concussions and other brain injuries 

• Depression 

• Seizures 

• Stress Management • Neurodegenerative Decline

Neurofeedback is also used by high-performing individuals and athletes to improve
performance and mastery (Marzbani et al., 2016). Individuals may see marked
improvements in:

• Processing Speed 

• Reading Speed 

• Focus 

• Retention and Recall 

• Cognitive Function 

• Mental Resilience

What to Expect in a Session 

During a neurofeedback session, typically lasting 20–40 minutes, electrodes and  sensors are placed on the scalp and hands. Clients also hold vibrational stimulators,  such as a bear with a biofeedback device inside. These devices detect and provide  biofeedback to the brain and body. The data produced is processed and translated  into visual or auditory signals, allowing clients to receive direct visual and auditory  feedback about their unique brain waves and patterns. This feedback is provided  while the client watches a movie, plays a video game, listens to music, or enjoys a  guided meditation. 

The stimulation allows the brain to practice and optimize regulated patterns over  dysregulated ones. With practice, the brain quickly learns to self-correct and regulate  itself in the face of unwanted stimuli. 

How Many Sessions to Expect 

Clients may notice changes in sleep within the first 5–10 sessions. Standard  protocols recommend 20 sessions, with optimal performance for adults sometimes  reached in sessions comparable to their age. This depends significantly on the area  of focus, symptom severity, and level of dysregulation. Children often experience  changes more quickly than adults. 

Types of Neurofeedback 

We offer three types of neurofeedback, including infra-low frequency, deep-state  somewhat similar effects as psychedelics by disarming defense mechanisms and alpha-theta, and synchronicity training. Alpha Theta is an trauma focused approach  allowing clients to work through trauma without having to relive it, and can achieve somewhat similar effects as psychedelics by disarming defense mechanisms and providing more peaceful resolutions to trauma. Synchronicity training achieves deep  states of calm, similar to deep transcendental meditation states. We use the Othmer  Method through the Cygnet Software suite.

Is Neurofeedback Safe? Are There Any Side Effects?

Neurofeedback is a non-invasive treatment, resembling an exercise for the brain rather than a chemical treatment. It is generally considered safe with no long-term negative side effects (Rahman et al., 2023). While rare, when side effects occur, they are usually short-term and resolve within 24–48 hours. Infrequent side effects may include sleepiness, lack of focus, mild headaches, or anxiety.

Clients should report any side effects to their clinician promptly so that treatment can be adjusted. Often, one additional session soon after symptoms occur can alleviate any prolonged negative side effect.

Pricing

Neurofeedback is not typically covered by insurance, though some exceptions may apply. Payment may also be made through most FSA/HSA benefits.

• Standard Session: $150 per session
• Packages:
  o 10 sessions: $1,400 ($140/session)
  o 15 sessions: $1,950 ($130/session)
  o 20 sessions: $2,400 ($120/session)

We also offer limited scholarship opportunities for individuals with unique financial
circumstances. Please inquire.

*Disclaimer
The information and any products mentioned in this article are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace relationships with your therapist(s) or physician(s). Please consult a licensed medical provider before initiating any conventional or integrative treatments.

Schedule with Tara Trebesch in Park City, UT.

References

Marzbani, H., Marateb, H. R., & Mansourian, M. (2016). Neurofeedback: A comprehensive review on system design, methodology, and clinical applications. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 143.

Rahmani, E., Rahmanian, M., Mansouri, K., Mokhayeri, Y., Jamalpour, Y., & Hassanvandi, S. (2023). Are there any possible side effects of neurofeedback? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 17(3).